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| 1865 |
| | | Gregor Mendel reads a paper to the Natural History Society in Brno describing his discoveries in the field of genetics | |
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| 1883 |
| | | English polymath Francis Galton publishes Inquiries in Human Faculty, developing the theme of eugenics and coining the term | |
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| 1903 |
| | | In a paper to a congress in Madrid, on the 'psychology and psychopathology of animals', Ivan Pavlov announces his discovery of the conditioned reflex | |
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| 1905 |
| | | German biologists Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann discover the micro-organism Treponema pallidum which causes syphilis | |
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| 1905 |
| | | English physiologists William Bayliss and Ernest Starling coin the word 'hormone' for glandular secretions into the bloodstream | |
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| 1906 |
| | | English biologist William Bateson uses the word 'genetics' to describe the phenomenon of heredity and variation | |
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| 1909 |
| | | Karl Landsteiner classifies the main human blood groups as A, B, AB and O | |
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| 1910 |
| | | US geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan establishes the chromosome theory of heredity through his study of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster | |
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| 1914 |
| | | Martha, 29 years old and the last passenger pigeon in the world, dies in the Cincinnati zoo in Ohio | |
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| 1922 |
| | | Canadian physiologists Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolate insulin from the pancreas for the treatment of diabetes | |
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